The following commands will be covered:

ping - send an ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts

traceroute - print the route packets trace to a network host

ip - show/manipulate routing, devices, policy routing, and tunnels

netstart - print network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships

ftp - internet file transfer program

wget - non-interactive network downloader

ssh - OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program)

The most basic network command is ping. ping sends a special network packet called an ICMP ECHO_REQUEST. Most network devices receiving this packet will reply to it, allowing the network connection to be verified. To see if we can reach linuxcommand.org, we just do ping linuxcommand.org.

ping just sends packets at a specified interval (1 second by default) until it is interrupted. After it is interrupted, it prints performance statistics.

traceroute lists all the "hops" network traffic takes to get from the local system to a specified host. For routers that provided identifying information, we can see their hostnames, IP addresses, and performance data. It also includes three samples of round-trip time from the local system to the rotuer.

The ip program is a multi-purpose network configuration tool that replaces the earlier and now deprecated ifconfig program. With ip, we can examine a system's network interfaces and routing table. lo is the loopback interface and is a virtual interface that the system uses to talk to itself. etho0 is the Ethernet interface.

The netstat program is used to examine various network settings and statistics.